The following lists the recent preprints posted on EGUsphere with OS-related topics, the recent preprints posted in OS’s discussion forum, as well as final revised papers published recently in OS.
The smaller thermal heat capacity of land relative to the sea results in land–sea thermal gradients with a daily cycle, called sea breeze systems, with the same daily periodicity. Since tides in the Caspian, as the largest enclosed basin with a persistent sea breeze system through the year, are very weak we found that most of the higher-frequency variations in coastal currents are a response to the sea breeze system.
Natalia Belkin, Tamar Guy-Haim, Maxim Rubin-Blum, Ayah Lazar, Guy Sisma-Ventura, Rainer Kiko, Arseniy R. Morov, Tal Ozer, Isaac Gertman, Barak Herut, and Eyal Rahav
We studied how distinct water circulations that elevate (cyclone) or descend (anticyclone) water from the upper ocean affect the biomass, activity and diversity of planktonic microorganisms in the impoverished eastern Mediterranean. We show that cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies differ in their community composition and production. Moreover, the anticyclone may be a potential bio-invasion and dispersal vector, while the cyclone may serve as a thermal refugee for native species.
Marine heatwaves refer to discrete, prolonged warm ocean conditions known to cause severe destruction in marine ecosystems. We find that coastal waters off the west coast of India have experienced a rapid multifold increase in heatwave days since the early 80s. This resulted in more frequent and longer marine heatwave events in the last decade. We show that the rapid warming in the Arabian Sea in the last decade is the primary cause of the observed enhanced heatwave events in this basin.
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Short summary
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A bottom cold water mass (BCWM) is a widespread physical oceanographic phenomenon among coastal seas. Observations reveal a prominent interannual variation in a BCWM in the Seto Inland Sea during 1994–2015. We found that air–sea heat flux change during the warming season plays an important role in its interannual variation. Comparison with other BCWMs indicates that the size is a key factor for their difference. The findings help understand the response of BCWMs to sea surface forcing change.
Current oceanographic standards require the use of the TEOS-10 GSW toolbox for the estimation of Absolute Salinity and of other seawater properties (e.g. density, sound speed). This requires a working understanding of high-level programming languages and thus may not be readily accessible to all practitioners. This paper presents an Excel implementation of TEOS-10, thus allowing the estimation of a relevant set of seawater parameters within a well-known and friendly environment.
Preprint under review for OS(discussion: open, 0 comments)
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In the Western Tropical South Atlantic, coastward currents spread oceanic cnidarians over the continental shelf. While both costal and oceanic communities co-occur in scenarios of higher runoff and weaker boundary current intensity, oceanic species dominate almost the entire shelf during the dry season characterized by stronger currents. Meanwhile, offshore, when the mixed-layer, the enhanced primary productivity supports larger populations of planktonic cnidarians.
The SSH analysis and 7 d forecast error will be globally reduced by almost 50 %. Surface current forecast errors should be equivalent to today’s surface current analysis errors or alternatively will be improved (variance error reduction) by 30 % at the surface and 50 % for 300 m depth.
The resolution capabilities will be drastically improved and will be closer to 100 km wavelength as opposed to today where they are above 250 km (on average).
The bubbles formed by breaking waves speed up the movement of gases like carbon dioxide and oxygen between the atmosphere and the ocean. Understanding where these gases go is an important part of understanding Earth's climate. In this paper we describe measurements of the bubbles close to the ocean surface during big storms in the North Atlantic. We observed small bubbles collecting in distinctive patterns which help us to understand the contribution they make to the ocean breathing.
The bubbles formed by breaking waves at the ocean surface are important because they are thought to speed up the movement of gases like carbon dioxide and oxygen between the atmosphere and ocean. We collected data on the bubbles in the top few metres of the ocean which were created by storms in the North Atlantic. The focus in this paper is the bubble sizes and their position in the water. We saw that there are very predictable patterns and set out what happens to bubbles after a wave breaks.
The European Slope Current (SC) is a northward-flowing current running parallel to the UK coastline. It is forced by changes in the density gradient of the wider North Atlantic Ocean. As the North Atlantic has warmed since the late 1990s, these gradients have changed strength and moved, reducing the volume and speed of water feeding into the SC. The SC flows into the North Sea, where changes in the species distribution of some plankton and fish have been seen due to the warming inputs.
Preprint under review for OS(discussion: open, 0 comments)
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Surface flow fields of the global oceans are dominated by so called mesoscale (50–300 km) eddies. They drift usually westward with a speed of a few km/day, transport mass, temperature, chlorophyll, debris, etc. Several methods are developed to identify and track eddies based on satellite measurements, some of them is computationally very demanding. Here we extend to global scale a recently proposed simple procedure which gives a quick coarse-grained statistics of mesoscale vortex properties.
Preprint under review for OS(discussion: open, 0 comments)
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River engineering measures strongly changed tidal dynamics in the Weser estuary. We studied the effect on saltwater intrusion with numerical models. Our analysis shows that a deepening of the navigation channel causes saltwater to intrude further into the Weser estuary. This effect is mostly outweighed by the natural variability of river discharge. In the study, it proved essential to recalibrate individual hindcast models due to different resolutions of underlying bathymetrical data.
Preprint under review for OS(discussion: open, 1 comment)
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Seasonal variability of the M2 ocean tide can be detected at many ports. The physical mechanisms underlying seasonality, in broadest terms, are astronomical, frictional/advective interactions, and climate processes. Some of these induce annual modulations, some semiannual, in amplitude, phase, or both. This note reviews how this occurs and gives an example from each broad category. Phase conventions and their relationship to causal mechanisms, as well as nomenclature, are also addressed.
Ocean heat and carbon content increase proportionately as the planet warms. However, circulation changes in response to changing heat content, redistributing preindustrial heat, carbon, and salinity fields. Redistribution leaves properties unchanged, so we may leverage our skill identifying preindustrial carbon in order to trace preindustrial heat and salinity field redistribution. Excess salinity opposes excess-temperature-induced density change, and redistribution grows continually.
Preprint under review for OS(discussion: open, 0 comments)
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We use machine learning to analyze the long-term variation of the surface currents in the Eastern Mediterranean, precisely in the Levantine Sea. We decompose the circulation into groups based on their physical characteristics, then analyze their spatial and temporal variability. We show that most structures of the Levantine Sea are becoming more energetic with time, even though those of the western part remain the most dominant due to the complex bathymetry and the strong currents.
Preprint under review for OS(discussion: open, 1 comment)
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The hydrological evolution of deep water carried within the lower limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is analysed from a combination of ship-based and Deep-Argo data gathered between 2015 and 2018. In our study, we show that its evolution through a main fracture zone of the Reykjanes Ridge have a large impact on the lower limb of the AMOC in compensating fresh inputs of dense water from the interior of the Irminger Sea.
We have collated multiple sources of tide gauge data for Dublin Port, and subsequently corrected them for bias. We have then shown that these corrected mean sea level measurements agree with nearby tide gauges to a far higher degree than the raw data. A longer-term comparison with Brest and Newlyn also indicates overall agreement. Our final adjusted dataset estimated the rate of sea level rise to be 1.1 mm/yr between 1953 and 2016 and 7 mm/yr between 1997 and 2016 at Dublin Port.
Preprint under review for OS(discussion: open, 0 comments)
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Quantifying the spatial-temporal water level dynamics is essential for water resources management in estuaries. In this study, we propose a simple yet powerful regression model to examine the influence of the world’s largest dam, the Three Gorges Dam (TGD), on the spatial-temporal water level dynamics within the Yangtze River estuary. The presented method is particularly useful for determining scientific strategies for sustainable water resources management in dam-controlled estuaries worldwide.
Preprint under review for OS(discussion: open, 0 comments)
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In a context of climate change, having sea level data all along the coast is essential. However, tide gauges yield pointwise observations and satellite altimetry has limitations at the coast. We present a method that, learning from a several-years model output and using tide gauge observations only, is able to reconstruct sea level all along the coast. The accuracy of the reconstruction has been validated against independent observations and proved to be better than that of satellite altimetry.
Alan D. Fox, Arne Biastoch, Stuart A. Cunningham, Neil Fraser, Patricia Handmann, N. Penny Holliday, Clare Johnson, Torge Martin, Marilena Oltmanns, Willi Rath, Siren Rühs, Alejandra Sanchez-Franks, and Christina Schmidt
Preprint under review for OS(discussion: open, 2 comments)
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Observations of the eastern subpolar North Atlantic in the 2010s show exceptional freshening and cooling of the upper ocean, peaking in 2016 with the lowest salinities recorded for 120 years. Using output from a high-resolution hindcast model simulation, we propose that the primary cause is reduced surface cooling in the Labrador Sea, leading to increased outflow of relatively fresh and cold water in the upper ocean and so to freshening and cooling of the eastern subpolar North Atlantic.
Preprint under review for OS(discussion: open, 0 comments)
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Two-year mooring observations show the evolution of temperature, salinity, and currents in the northern Barents Sea. Inflow of Atlantic Water from the north in autumn/winter was the main driver of the seasonal cycle in the ocean. Winds modulated the inflow on shorter timescales. The upper ocean state reflected how much sea ice had previously melted in the area. The import of ocean water and sea ice from adjacent regions play a key role in the complex air-ice-ocean interplay.
The mistral winds are believed to be the primary source of cooling of the Gulf of Lion, leading to deep convection in the region, a process that mixes the ocean column from the seafloor to the sea surface. However, we have found that seasonal atmospheric changes also significantly cool the Gulf of Lion waters to cause deep convection, rather than mistral winds being the sole source, contributing roughly two-thirds of the required cooling, with the mistral winds contributing the final third.
The signature of internal tides has become an important component for high-resolution altimetry over oceans. Several studies have proposed some solutions to resolve part of these internal tides based on the altimetry record. Following these studies, we propose here a new inversion approach aimed to mitigate aliasing with other dynamics. After a description of the methodology, the solution for the main tidal components has been successfully validated against independent observations.
We provide the first insights on bio-optical processes in Storfjorden (Svalbard). Information on factors controlling light propagation in the water column in this arctic fjord becomes crucial in times of rapid sea ice decline. We find a significant contribution of dissolved matter to light absorption and a subsurface absorption maximum linked to phytoplankton production. Dense bottom waters from sea ice formation carry elevated levels of dissolved and particulate matter.
Preprint under review for OS(discussion: open, 2 comments)
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This study explores the variability of water mass transformation within the Weddell Gyre (WG). The WG is the largest source of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW). Changes to our climate can modify the mechanisms that transform waters to become AABW. In this study, we computed water mass transformation volume budgets by using three ocean models and a mathematical framework developed by Walin. Out of the three models, we found one to be most useful in studying the interannual variability of AABW.
Preprint under review for OS(discussion: open, 2 comments)
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The circulation patterns of surface water over the northern Gulf of Cadiz are described based on hourly High Frequency Radar data from 2016 to 2020. It is revealed the presence of a persistent current that follows the continental shelf slope eastward while near the coast, currents generally have balanced (eastward-westward) direction. In summer cross-shelf transport is promoted when westward coastal counter currents recirculate offshore at the western region and merge with the slope current.
Elise Sayana Droste, Mario Hoppema, Melchor González-Dávila, Juana Magdalena Santana-Casiano, Bastien Y. Queste, Giorgio Dall'Olmo, Hugh J. Venables, Gerd Rohardt, Sharyn Ossebaar, Daniel Schuller, Sunke Trace-Kleeberg, and Dorothee C. E. Bakker
Preprint under review for OS(discussion: open, 1 comment)
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Tides affect the marine carbonate chemistry within a coastal polynya neighbouring the Ekström Ice Shelf by movement of seawater with different CO2 content. The result is that the coastal polynya in the summer can cycle between being a sink and a source of CO2 several times a day. We encourage consideration of tides when collecting measurements in polar coastal regions to account for variability and to avoid over- or underestimations of CO2 exchange between the atmosphere and ocean.
Preprint under review for OS(discussion: open, 1 comment)
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The sea ice bridge usually forms during winter in Nares Strait and prevents ice to drift south. However, this bridge has recently become unstable, and in this study we investigate the role of oceanic heat flux in this decline. Using satellite data, we identify areas where sea ice is relatively thin and further attribute those areas to the heat fluxes from the warm subsurface water masses. We also discuss the potential role of such impact on the ice bridge instability and the earlier break up.
Organic carbon in the oceans can take various paths: it may e.g. sink to the sediment, be eaten, or be recycled to start all over again. Where carbon ends up for how long has implications for atmospheric CO2 concentrations and our climate. To assess which pathways exist and how they are structured, we introduce a qualitative concept of organic carbon pathways. This concept helps to identify pathways, compare ecosystems, and assess how human actions and environmental changes alter pathways.
Ocean surface waves forced by tropical cyclones can cause tremendous damage to offshore structures and coastal communities. As such, forecasting their evolution is of utmost importance. This study investigates the usage of a long short-term memory neural network to forecast hurricane-forced waves in the Caribbean Sea. Results strongly suggest that forecasts can be performed to a high degree of accuracy up to 12 h at minimal computational expense and even outperform a wave model.
The Baltic Sea is predicted to freshen in the future. To explore the effect of decreasing salinity on N2 fixers, we followed the natural salinity gradient in the Baltic Sea from the Kiel Fjord to the Gotland Basin and identified an N2 fixer community dominated by Nodularia and UCYN-A. A salinity threshold was identified at a salinity of 10, with Nodularia dominating at low and UCYN-A dominating at higher salinity, suggesting a future expansion of Nodularia N2 fixers and a retraction of UCYN-A.
A turbulence instrument was installed on a light autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) and deployed in the Barents Sea in February 2021. We present the data quality and discuss limitations when measuring turbulence from the AUV. AUV vibrations contaminate the turbulence measurements, yet the measurements were sufficiently cleaned when the AUV operated in turbulent environments. In quiescent environments the noise from the AUV became relatively large, making the turbulence measurements unreliable.
Spectral analyses showed the importance of the blue, green, and NIR wavelengths for submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) discrimination. Moreover, the integration of the blue or the green bands in water vegetation indices (WVIs) increases their discriminating power of SAV. Statistical fits between homologous bands of Sentinel-SMI and Landsat-OLI revealed excellent linear relationships (R2 of 0.999) with insignificant RMSD (≤ 0.0015). Accordingly, MSI and OLI sensors are spectrally similar.
Preprint under review for OS(discussion: open, 2 comments)
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On the basis of altimetry data and in-situ hydrographic observations, the impacts of an anticyclone mesoscale eddy (large rotating body of water) on the seawater characteristics was investigated during a research campaign. The particular eddy presents significant anomalies on the seawater properties at 1500 m. The potential role of eddies on the seafloor and its consequential effect on the altered dispersion of mining-related sediment plumes is important to assess the future mining operations.
We validate the recent ALES-reprocessed coastal satellite altimetry dataset along the Norwegian coast between 2003 and 2018. We find that coastal altimetry and conventional altimetry products perform similarly along the Norwegian coast. However, the agreement with tide gauges slightly increases in terms of trends when we use the ALES coastal altimetry data. We then use the ALES dataset and hydrographic stations to explore the steric contribution to the Norwegian sea-level anomaly.
Preprint under review for OS(discussion: open, 11 comments)
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I show that two different statistical approaches to dealing with rare sea-level extremes caused by storm surges are not incompatible, despite their apparent differences. I suggest a context in which each approach is appropriate. I undertook this research because the two approaches might seem to be incompatible, a situation which I hope that this note helps to clarify. I applied various statistical tests which have appeared in recent literature to sea-level extremes from UK coastal sites.
Preprint under review for OS(discussion: open, 1 comment)
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Temperature and salinity profiles are essential to study the ocean’s stratification, but there is not enough of this data. Satellites are able to measure daily maps of the surface ocean. We train a machine to learn the link between the satellite data and the profiles, in the Gulf Stream region. We can then use this link to predict profiles at the high resolution of the satellite maps. Our prediction is fast to compute and allows to get profiles at any locations, only from surface data.
In this study, we present visible direct evidence for Al occurrence in biogenic silica (BSi). Homogeneous distribution of Al was shown in BSi, and the average Al / Si atomic ratio was 0.011. Considering structural Al has dissolution–inhibition for BSi, the fundamental results not only indicate the significant contribution of marine diatoms to the biogeochemical migration of marine Al, but also imply the contribution mechanism of Al on the carbon sequestration of marine diatoms.
Spectacular climatic phenomena such as El Nino—La Nina oscillations are connected with large-scale rearrangements of oceanic surface flow patterns. In order to get a better insight into the dynamics of such changes, we performed numerical experiments on the advection of 6600 water parcels in the focal area. Surface flow fields were taken from the AVISO data bank. A simple stochastic model (fractional Brownian motion) with only two parameters nicely reproduced the statistics of advection.